公正观的基本向度及方法论原则
马俊峰
《中国社会科学》2010年第6期
2010-12-09
中文摘要：
在社会公正问题的大讨论中，罗尔斯、诺齐克、哈耶克、麦金泰尔等当代西方思想家的论述被反复引用和申说，而将马克思恩格斯等经典作家的观点置于一种被忽视甚至被忘却的状态。形成这种状态的原因是多方面的。对历史背景和语境不作具体的分析，就难以把握马克思恩格斯对于社会公正问题的真实态度和精神实质，甚至会得出他们不仅没有关于社会公正的理论，而且反对和拒斥从社会公正角度讨论问题的结论。马克思主义作为无产阶级认识和改造世界、求得自身解放和人类解放的世界观和方法论，是真理与价值相统一的理论，也只有从科学向度与价值向度辩证统一的角度，才可能对作为价值之一种表现的公正问题作出合理的理解。公正既是一种价值观念，具有评价标准的功能，也是实际的价值（包括利益、机会、权利等）分配的一种状态，其中会涉及自由与平等的矛盾、形式公正与实质公正的矛盾、一般与特殊的差别、平等与效率的抵牾、公正与不公正的对立，等等，只有运用辩证思维的方法，才能对其复杂性获得正确的认识。
英文摘要：
(2)The Marxist Theory of Justice: Basic Dimensions and Methodological PrinciplesMa Junfeng·44· In the wideranging discussion of social justice issues, the theories of contemporary Western thinkers such as Rawls, Nozick, Hayek and MacIntyre are repeatedly cited and expounded. By contrast, for various reasons, classical writers like Marx and Engels have been overlooked or even forgotten. Without a concrete analysis of historical background and context, it is hard to grasp the true attitude and spiritual essence of the views of Marx and Engels on social justice. We might even conclude not only that they had no theory of social justice but that they opposed and rejected approaching questions from this angle. As a world outlook and methodology enabling the proletariat to know and transform the world and liberate themselves and mankind, Marxism is a theory that unites truth and value. A rational understanding of the issue of justice as an expression of value is only possible when the dimensions of science and value are dialectically combined. On the one hand, justice is a value concept that functions as a standard for evaluation; on the other, it refers to an actual state of the distribution of values (including interests, opportunities and rights) that inevitably involves the contradiction between freedom and equality and between formal and substantive justice, the difference between the general and the specific, the conflict between equality and efficiency, the opposition between justice and injustice and so on. Only a dialectical mode of thinking can ensure a correct understanding of the complexity of social justice issues.
在社会公正问题的大讨论中，罗尔斯、诺齐克、哈耶克、麦金泰尔等当代西方思想家的论述被反复引用和申说，而将马克思恩格斯等经典作家的观点置于一种被忽视甚至被忘却的状态。形成这种状态的原因是多方面的。对历史背景和语境不作具体的分析，就难以把握马克思恩格斯对于社会公正问题的真实态度和精神实质，甚至会得出他们不仅没有关于社会公正的理论，而且反对和拒斥从社会公正角度讨论问题的结论。马克思主义作为无产阶级认识和改造世界、求得自身解放和人类解放的世界观和方法论，是真理与价值相统一的理论，也只有从科学向度与价值向度辩证统一的角度，才可能对作为价值之一种表现的公正问题作出合理的理解。公正既是一种价值观念，具有评价标准的功能，也是实际的价值（包括利益、机会、权利等）分配的一种状态，其中会涉及自由与平等的矛盾、形式公正与实质公正的矛盾、一般与特殊的差别、平等与效率的抵牾、公正与不公正的对立，等等，只有运用辩证思维的方法，才能对其复杂性获得正确的认识。
英文摘要：
(2)The Marxist Theory of Justice: Basic Dimensions and Methodological PrinciplesMa Junfeng·44· In the wideranging discussion of social justice issues, the theories of contemporary Western thinkers such as Rawls, Nozick, Hayek and MacIntyre are repeatedly cited and expounded. By contrast, for various reasons, classical writers like Marx and Engels have been overlooked or even forgotten. Without a concrete analysis of historical background and context, it is hard to grasp the true attitude and spiritual essence of the views of Marx and Engels on social justice. We might even conclude not only that they had no theory of social justice but that they opposed and rejected approaching questions from this angle. As a world outlook and methodology enabling the proletariat to know and transform the world and liberate themselves and mankind, Marxism is a theory that unites truth and value. A rational understanding of the issue of justice as an expression of value is only possible when the dimensions of science and value are dialectically combined. On the one hand, justice is a value concept that functions as a standard for evaluation; on the other, it refers to an actual state of the distribution of values (including interests, opportunities and rights) that inevitably involves the contradiction between freedom and equality and between formal and substantive justice, the difference between the general and the specific, the conflict between equality and efficiency, the opposition between justice and injustice and so on. Only a dialectical mode of thinking can ensure a correct understanding of the complexity of social justice issues.